feat: personal access tokens with scoped bearer auth

Add cnp_ personal access tokens so the CLI, MCP server, and external
agents authenticate without a browser session — the agent-first spine
from ROADMAP2 phase A. Modeled on agent_auth_tokens: raw token shown
once, only SHA-256 hash stored.

- user_tokens table (goose migration + sqlc), name/prefix/scope/expiry,
  owner-scoped revoke, last_used_at stamping
- middleware: cnp_ bearer resolution, read scope gates mutations with
  403 SCOPE_INSUFFICIENT, non-admin scopes cap is_admin even for admin
  owners — a token never outranks its scope or its owner
- GET/POST/DELETE /api/v1/user/tokens + OpenAPI + generated types
- Settings UI: create with scope/expiry pickers, one-time token display
  with copy, list with last-used/expiry, confirm-revoke
- docs: OPERATIONS.md section, README feature line

Verified end-to-end against live Postgres: create/list/revoke, read
scope blocks PUT (403), write PAT on admin owner blocked from admin
routes (403), admin scope works, revoked token returns 401.

Authored By: TDvorak <[email protected]>

README.md

@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ dedicated console.
 - **Template catalog** — 30 official templates (NocoDB, Plausible, MinIO, n8n, …) plus user-defined templates with JSON upload and owner-scoped edit/delete
 - **Metrics** — per-service Docker stats plus host CPU/memory/disk telemetry
 - **HA & scaling** — failover policies, node agents, autoscaling rules
-- **Auth & security** — Better Auth sessions (email/password self-hosted), audit logs, vulnerability scans
+- **Auth & security** — Better Auth sessions (email/password self-hosted), personal access tokens with `read`/`write`/`admin` scopes for CLI and agents, audit logs, vulnerability scans
 - **Integrated docs** — searchable documentation rendered in-app on the landing page and `/docs`; syncs from GitHub, falls back to a bundled snapshot offline
 - **Networking** — Traefik reverse proxy, optional Cloudflare Tunnel
 

app/backend/internal/api/routes.go

@@ -260,6 +260,11 @@ func SetupRoutes(router *gin.Engine, db *database.DB, redis *database.Redis, cfg
 			authed.GET("/user/profile", handleGetProfile)
 			authed.PUT("/user/profile", handleUpdateProfile)
 
+			// Personal access tokens for CLI/MCP/agent auth.
+			authed.GET("/user/tokens", handleListUserTokens)
+			authed.POST("/user/tokens", handleCreateUserToken)
+			authed.DELETE("/user/tokens/:id", handleDeleteUserToken)
+
 			authed.GET("/notifications", handleListNotifications)
 			authed.POST("/notifications/:id/read", handleMarkNotificationRead)
 			authed.POST("/notifications/read-all", handleMarkAllNotificationsRead)

app/backend/internal/api/user_tokens.go

@@ -0,0 +1,194 @@
+package api
+
+import (
+	"crypto/rand"
+	"crypto/sha256"
+	"database/sql"
+	"encoding/hex"
+	"net/http"
+	"strings"
+	"time"
+
+	"containr/internal/database"
+	sqlcdb "containr/internal/database/sqlcdb"
+
+	"github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
+	"github.com/google/uuid"
+)
+
+// Personal access tokens let the CLI, MCP server, and third-party agents
+// authenticate without a browser session. The raw token (cnp_…) is
+// returned exactly once at creation; only its sha256 hash persists.
+
+var userTokenScopes = map[string]bool{"read": true, "write": true, "admin": true}
+
+func generateUserToken() (token string, prefix string, hash string, err error) {
+	buf := make([]byte, 24)
+	if _, err = rand.Read(buf); err != nil {
+		return "", "", "", err
+	}
+	token = "cnp_" + hex.EncodeToString(buf)
+	prefix = token[:12] // cnp_ + 8 hex chars, enough to identify in a list
+	sum := sha256.Sum256([]byte(token))
+	return token, prefix, hex.EncodeToString(sum[:]), nil
+}
+
+func userTokenJSON(t sqlcdb.UserToken) gin.H {
+	row := gin.H{
+		"id":         t.ID.String(),
+		"name":       t.Name,
+		"key_prefix": t.KeyPrefix,
+		"scope":      t.Scope,
+	}
+	if t.CreatedAt.Valid {
+		row["created_at"] = t.CreatedAt.Time
+	}
+	if t.LastUsedAt.Valid {
+		row["last_used_at"] = t.LastUsedAt.Time
+	}
+	if t.ExpiresAt.Valid {
+		row["expires_at"] = t.ExpiresAt.Time
+	}
+	return row
+}
+
+func handleCreateUserToken(c *gin.Context) {
+	userID, ok := requireAuthenticatedUserID(c)
+	if !ok {
+		return
+	}
+	db := c.MustGet("db").(*database.DB)
+	queries := sqlcdb.New(db.DB)
+
+	var req struct {
+		Name          string `json:"name"`
+		Scope         string `json:"scope"`
+		ExpiresInDays int    `json:"expires_in_days"`
+	}
+	if err := c.ShouldBindJSON(&req); err != nil {
+		c.JSON(http.StatusBadRequest, gin.H{"error": err.Error()})
+		return
+	}
+
+	req.Name = strings.TrimSpace(req.Name)
+	if req.Name == "" {
+		c.JSON(http.StatusBadRequest, gin.H{"error": "name is required"})
+		return
+	}
+	if req.Scope == "" {
+		req.Scope = "write"
+	}
+	if !userTokenScopes[req.Scope] {
+		c.JSON(http.StatusBadRequest, gin.H{"error": "scope must be one of: read, write, admin"})
+		return
+	}
+	// A token can never outrank its owner: non-admin users cannot mint
+	// admin-scope tokens even for themselves.
+	if req.Scope == "admin" && !c.GetBool("is_admin") {
+		c.JSON(http.StatusForbidden, gin.H{"error": "admin scope requires a platform admin account"})
+		return
+	}
+	if req.ExpiresInDays < 0 || req.ExpiresInDays > 3650 {
+		c.JSON(http.StatusBadRequest, gin.H{"error": "expires_in_days must be between 0 (never) and 3650"})
+		return
+	}
+
+	token, prefix, hash, err := generateUserToken()
+	if err != nil {
+		c.JSON(http.StatusInternalServerError, gin.H{"error": "Failed to generate token"})
+		return
+	}
+
+	ownerUUID, err := uuid.Parse(userID)
+	if err != nil {
+		c.JSON(http.StatusUnauthorized, gin.H{"error": "Invalid user context"})
+		return
+	}
+
+	expiresAt := sql.NullTime{}
+	if req.ExpiresInDays > 0 {
+		expiresAt = sql.NullTime{Time: time.Now().Add(time.Duration(req.ExpiresInDays) * 24 * time.Hour), Valid: true}
+	}
+
+	row, err := queries.CreateUserToken(c.Request.Context(), sqlcdb.CreateUserTokenParams{
+		UserID:    ownerUUID,
+		Name:      req.Name,
+		KeyPrefix: prefix,
+		TokenHash: hash,
+		Scope:     req.Scope,
+		ExpiresAt: expiresAt,
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		c.JSON(http.StatusInternalServerError, gin.H{"error": "Failed to store token"})
+		return
+	}
+
+	LogAudit(userID, "user_token", row.ID.String(), "create", map[string]interface{}{"name": req.Name, "scope": req.Scope})
+
+	payload := userTokenJSON(row)
+	payload["token"] = token
+	c.JSON(http.StatusCreated, payload)
+}
+
+func handleListUserTokens(c *gin.Context) {
+	userID, ok := requireAuthenticatedUserID(c)
+	if !ok {
+		return
+	}
+	db := c.MustGet("db").(*database.DB)
+	queries := sqlcdb.New(db.DB)
+
+	ownerUUID, err := uuid.Parse(userID)
+	if err != nil {
+		c.JSON(http.StatusUnauthorized, gin.H{"error": "Invalid user context"})
+		return
+	}
+
+	rows, err := queries.ListUserTokens(c.Request.Context(), ownerUUID)
+	if err != nil {
+		c.JSON(http.StatusInternalServerError, gin.H{"error": "Failed to fetch tokens"})
+		return
+	}
+
+	out := make([]gin.H, 0, len(rows))
+	for _, t := range rows {
+		out = append(out, userTokenJSON(t))
+	}
+	c.JSON(http.StatusOK, gin.H{"tokens": out})
+}
+
+func handleDeleteUserToken(c *gin.Context) {
+	userID, ok := requireAuthenticatedUserID(c)
+	if !ok {
+		return
+	}
+	db := c.MustGet("db").(*database.DB)
+	queries := sqlcdb.New(db.DB)
+
+	ownerUUID, err := uuid.Parse(userID)
+	if err != nil {
+		c.JSON(http.StatusUnauthorized, gin.H{"error": "Invalid user context"})
+		return
+	}
+	tokenUUID, err := uuid.Parse(c.Param("id"))
+	if err != nil {
+		c.JSON(http.StatusBadRequest, gin.H{"error": "Invalid token ID"})
+		return
+	}
+
+	affected, err := queries.RevokeUserToken(c.Request.Context(), sqlcdb.RevokeUserTokenParams{
+		ID:     tokenUUID,
+		UserID: ownerUUID,
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		c.JSON(http.StatusInternalServerError, gin.H{"error": "Failed to revoke token"})
+		return
+	}
+	if affected == 0 {
+		c.JSON(http.StatusNotFound, gin.H{"error": "Token not found"})
+		return
+	}
+
+	LogAudit(userID, "user_token", tokenUUID.String(), "revoke", nil)
+	c.JSON(http.StatusOK, gin.H{"message": "Token revoked"})
+}

app/backend/internal/database/sqlcdb/models.go

@@ -168,33 +168,39 @@ type ProjectMember struct {
 }
 
 type Service struct {
-	ID             uuid.UUID      `json:"id"`
+	ID              uuid.UUID      `json:"id"`
-	Name           string         `json:"name"`
+	Name            string         `json:"name"`
-	Description    sql.NullString `json:"description"`
+	Description     sql.NullString `json:"description"`
-	ProjectID      uuid.UUID      `json:"project_id"`
+	ProjectID       uuid.UUID      `json:"project_id"`
-	EnvironmentID  uuid.UUID      `json:"environment_id"`
+	EnvironmentID   uuid.UUID      `json:"environment_id"`
-	ServiceType    string         `json:"service_type"`
+	ServiceType     string         `json:"service_type"`
-	SourceType     string         `json:"source_type"`
+	SourceType      string         `json:"source_type"`
-	SourceUrl      sql.NullString `json:"source_url"`
+	SourceUrl       sql.NullString `json:"source_url"`
-	ImageName      sql.NullString `json:"image_name"`
+	ImageName       sql.NullString `json:"image_name"`
-	BuildCommand   sql.NullString `json:"build_command"`
+	BuildCommand    sql.NullString `json:"build_command"`
-	StartCommand   sql.NullString `json:"start_command"`
+	StartCommand    sql.NullString `json:"start_command"`
-	CpuLimit       sql.NullInt32  `json:"cpu_limit"`
+	CpuLimit        sql.NullInt32  `json:"cpu_limit"`
-	MemoryLimit    sql.NullInt32  `json:"memory_limit"`
+	MemoryLimit     sql.NullInt32  `json:"memory_limit"`
-	PublicUrl      sql.NullString `json:"public_url"`
+	PublicUrl       sql.NullString `json:"public_url"`
-	HealthCheckUrl sql.NullString `json:"health_check_url"`
+	HealthCheckUrl  sql.NullString `json:"health_check_url"`
-	Status         sql.NullString `json:"status"`
+	Status          sql.NullString `json:"status"`
-	CreatedAt      sql.NullTime   `json:"created_at"`
+	CreatedAt       sql.NullTime   `json:"created_at"`
-	UpdatedAt      sql.NullTime   `json:"updated_at"`
+	UpdatedAt       sql.NullTime   `json:"updated_at"`
-	Type           sql.NullString `json:"type"`
+	Type            sql.NullString `json:"type"`
-	Image          sql.NullString `json:"image"`
+	Image           sql.NullString `json:"image"`
-	Command        sql.NullString `json:"command"`
+	Command         sql.NullString `json:"command"`
-	Environment    sql.NullString `json:"environment"`
+	Environment     sql.NullString `json:"environment"`
-	GitRepo        sql.NullString `json:"git_repo"`
+	GitRepo         sql.NullString `json:"git_repo"`
-	GitBranch      sql.NullString `json:"git_branch"`
+	GitBranch       sql.NullString `json:"git_branch"`
-	BuildPath      sql.NullString `json:"build_path"`
+	BuildPath       sql.NullString `json:"build_path"`
-	Cpu            sql.NullString `json:"cpu"`
+	Cpu             sql.NullString `json:"cpu"`
-	Memory         sql.NullString `json:"memory"`
+	Memory          sql.NullString `json:"memory"`
+	Replicas        int32          `json:"replicas"`
+	Port            int32          `json:"port"`
+	Domain          string         `json:"domain"`
+	HealthcheckPath string         `json:"healthcheck_path"`
+	RestartPolicy   string         `json:"restart_policy"`
+	PublishedPort   int32          `json:"published_port"`
 }
 
 type ServiceTemplate struct {
@@ -211,3 +217,16 @@ type ServiceTemplate struct {
 	CreatedAt   sql.NullTime          `json:"created_at"`
 	UpdatedAt   sql.NullTime          `json:"updated_at"`
 }
+
+type UserToken struct {
+	ID         uuid.UUID    `json:"id"`
+	UserID     uuid.UUID    `json:"user_id"`
+	Name       string       `json:"name"`
+	KeyPrefix  string       `json:"key_prefix"`
+	TokenHash  string       `json:"token_hash"`
+	Scope      string       `json:"scope"`
+	ExpiresAt  sql.NullTime `json:"expires_at"`
+	LastUsedAt sql.NullTime `json:"last_used_at"`
+	RevokedAt  sql.NullTime `json:"revoked_at"`
+	CreatedAt  sql.NullTime `json:"created_at"`
+}

app/backend/internal/database/sqlcdb/querier.go

@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@ type Querier interface {
 	CreateProject(ctx context.Context, arg CreateProjectParams) (Project, error)
 	CreateServiceFromTemplate(ctx context.Context, arg CreateServiceFromTemplateParams) error
 	CreateUserTemplate(ctx context.Context, arg CreateUserTemplateParams) error
+	CreateUserToken(ctx context.Context, arg CreateUserTokenParams) (UserToken, error)
 	DatabaseServiceExistsByIDAndUser(ctx context.Context, arg DatabaseServiceExistsByIDAndUserParams) (bool, error)
 	DeleteAgent(ctx context.Context, id string) error
 	DeleteDatabaseServiceByIDAndUser(ctx context.Context, arg DeleteDatabaseServiceByIDAndUserParams) error
@@ -46,6 +47,7 @@ type Querier interface {
 	GetProjectOwnerID(ctx context.Context, id uuid.UUID) (uuid.UUID, error)
 	GetProjectRoleForUser(ctx context.Context, arg GetProjectRoleForUserParams) (string, error)
 	GetServiceTemplateByID(ctx context.Context, id string) (ServiceTemplate, error)
+	GetUserTokenByHash(ctx context.Context, tokenHash string) (UserToken, error)
 	InsertAgentHeartbeat(ctx context.Context, arg InsertAgentHeartbeatParams) error
 	InsertProjectEnvironment(ctx context.Context, arg InsertProjectEnvironmentParams) error
 	ListAgentAuthTokens(ctx context.Context) ([]AgentAuthToken, error)
@@ -66,9 +68,11 @@ type Querier interface {
 	ListProjectsWithStatsByUser(ctx context.Context, arg ListProjectsWithStatsByUserParams) ([]ListProjectsWithStatsByUserRow, error)
 	ListServiceTemplatesByCategoryForUser(ctx context.Context, arg ListServiceTemplatesByCategoryForUserParams) ([]ServiceTemplate, error)
 	ListServiceTemplatesForUser(ctx context.Context, ownerID uuid.NullUUID) ([]ServiceTemplate, error)
+	ListUserTokens(ctx context.Context, userID uuid.UUID) ([]UserToken, error)
 	MarkAllNotificationsReadByUser(ctx context.Context, arg MarkAllNotificationsReadByUserParams) error
 	MarkNotificationReadByIDAndUser(ctx context.Context, arg MarkNotificationReadByIDAndUserParams) error
 	RevokeAgentAuthToken(ctx context.Context, id uuid.UUID) (AgentAuthToken, error)
+	RevokeUserToken(ctx context.Context, arg RevokeUserTokenParams) (int64, error)
 	SetDatabaseBackupScheduleByIDAndUser(ctx context.Context, arg SetDatabaseBackupScheduleByIDAndUserParams) error
 	SetDatabaseBackupStatusByID(ctx context.Context, arg SetDatabaseBackupStatusByIDParams) error
 	SetDatabaseNextBackupAt(ctx context.Context, arg SetDatabaseNextBackupAtParams) error
@@ -77,6 +81,7 @@ type Querier interface {
 	SetDatabaseServiceStatusByIDAndUser(ctx context.Context, arg SetDatabaseServiceStatusByIDAndUserParams) error
 	SetProjectApproved(ctx context.Context, arg SetProjectApprovedParams) (int64, error)
 	TouchAgentAuthToken(ctx context.Context, tokenHash string) error
+	TouchUserToken(ctx context.Context, id uuid.UUID) error
 	UpdateAgent(ctx context.Context, arg UpdateAgentParams) (NodeAgent, error)
 	UpdateAgentHeartbeat(ctx context.Context, arg UpdateAgentHeartbeatParams) error
 	UpdateContainerStatus(ctx context.Context, arg UpdateContainerStatusParams) error

app/backend/internal/database/sqlcdb/user_tokens.sql.go

@@ -0,0 +1,147 @@
+// Code generated by sqlc. DO NOT EDIT.
+// versions:
+//   sqlc v1.31.1
+// source: user_tokens.sql
+
+package sqlcdb
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"database/sql"
+
+	"github.com/google/uuid"
+)
+
+const createUserToken = `-- name: CreateUserToken :one
+INSERT INTO user_tokens (user_id, name, key_prefix, token_hash, scope, expires_at)
+VALUES ($1, $2, $3, $4, $5, $6)
+RETURNING id, user_id, name, key_prefix, token_hash, scope, expires_at, last_used_at, revoked_at, created_at
+`
+
+type CreateUserTokenParams struct {
+	UserID    uuid.UUID    `json:"user_id"`
+	Name      string       `json:"name"`
+	KeyPrefix string       `json:"key_prefix"`
+	TokenHash string       `json:"token_hash"`
+	Scope     string       `json:"scope"`
+	ExpiresAt sql.NullTime `json:"expires_at"`
+}
+
+func (q *Queries) CreateUserToken(ctx context.Context, arg CreateUserTokenParams) (UserToken, error) {
+	row := q.db.QueryRowContext(ctx, createUserToken,
+		arg.UserID,
+		arg.Name,
+		arg.KeyPrefix,
+		arg.TokenHash,
+		arg.Scope,
+		arg.ExpiresAt,
+	)
+	var i UserToken
+	err := row.Scan(
+		&i.ID,
+		&i.UserID,
+		&i.Name,
+		&i.KeyPrefix,
+		&i.TokenHash,
+		&i.Scope,
+		&i.ExpiresAt,
+		&i.LastUsedAt,
+		&i.RevokedAt,
+		&i.CreatedAt,
+	)
+	return i, err
+}
+
+const getUserTokenByHash = `-- name: GetUserTokenByHash :one
+SELECT id, user_id, name, key_prefix, token_hash, scope, expires_at, last_used_at, revoked_at, created_at FROM user_tokens
+WHERE token_hash = $1
+  AND revoked_at IS NULL
+  AND (expires_at IS NULL OR expires_at > NOW())
+LIMIT 1
+`
+
+func (q *Queries) GetUserTokenByHash(ctx context.Context, tokenHash string) (UserToken, error) {
+	row := q.db.QueryRowContext(ctx, getUserTokenByHash, tokenHash)
+	var i UserToken
+	err := row.Scan(
+		&i.ID,
+		&i.UserID,
+		&i.Name,
+		&i.KeyPrefix,
+		&i.TokenHash,
+		&i.Scope,
+		&i.ExpiresAt,
+		&i.LastUsedAt,
+		&i.RevokedAt,
+		&i.CreatedAt,
+	)
+	return i, err
+}
+
+const listUserTokens = `-- name: ListUserTokens :many
+SELECT id, user_id, name, key_prefix, token_hash, scope, expires_at, last_used_at, revoked_at, created_at FROM user_tokens
+WHERE user_id = $1 AND revoked_at IS NULL
+ORDER BY created_at DESC
+`
+
+func (q *Queries) ListUserTokens(ctx context.Context, userID uuid.UUID) ([]UserToken, error) {
+	rows, err := q.db.QueryContext(ctx, listUserTokens, userID)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	defer rows.Close()
+	items := []UserToken{}
+	for rows.Next() {
+		var i UserToken
+		if err := rows.Scan(
+			&i.ID,
+			&i.UserID,
+			&i.Name,
+			&i.KeyPrefix,
+			&i.TokenHash,
+			&i.Scope,
+			&i.ExpiresAt,
+			&i.LastUsedAt,
+			&i.RevokedAt,
+			&i.CreatedAt,
+		); err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		items = append(items, i)
+	}
+	if err := rows.Close(); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if err := rows.Err(); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return items, nil
+}
+
+const revokeUserToken = `-- name: RevokeUserToken :execrows
+UPDATE user_tokens SET revoked_at = NOW()
+WHERE id = $1 AND user_id = $2 AND revoked_at IS NULL
+`
+
+type RevokeUserTokenParams struct {
+	ID     uuid.UUID `json:"id"`
+	UserID uuid.UUID `json:"user_id"`
+}
+
+func (q *Queries) RevokeUserToken(ctx context.Context, arg RevokeUserTokenParams) (int64, error) {
+	result, err := q.db.ExecContext(ctx, revokeUserToken, arg.ID, arg.UserID)
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, err
+	}
+	return result.RowsAffected()
+}
+
+const touchUserToken = `-- name: TouchUserToken :exec
+UPDATE user_tokens SET last_used_at = NOW()
+WHERE id = $1 AND revoked_at IS NULL
+`
+
+func (q *Queries) TouchUserToken(ctx context.Context, id uuid.UUID) error {
+	_, err := q.db.ExecContext(ctx, touchUserToken, id)
+	return err
+}

app/backend/internal/middleware/middleware.go

@@ -2,7 +2,10 @@ package middleware
 
 import (
 	"containr/internal/database"
+	sqlcdb "containr/internal/database/sqlcdb"
+	"crypto/sha256"
 	"database/sql"
+	"encoding/hex"
 	"encoding/json"
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
@@ -75,6 +78,14 @@ func RequestID() gin.HandlerFunc {
 func resolveRequestUser(c *gin.Context, jwtSecret string, sessionVerifier *betterAuthSessionVerifier) (userID, email, tokenErr string, hasToken, ok bool) {
 	tokenString, tokenErr, hasToken := extractJWTToken(c)
 	if tokenString != "" {
+		// Personal access tokens (cnp_…) are not JWTs — they resolve
+		// against the user_tokens table by sha256 hash.
+		if strings.HasPrefix(tokenString, patPrefix) {
+			if id, mail, verified := resolvePersonalAccessToken(c, tokenString); verified {
+				return id, mail, "", hasToken, true
+			}
+			return "", "", "Invalid token", hasToken, false
+		}
 		if claims, valid := validateJWTClaims(tokenString, jwtSecret); valid {
 			userIDClaim, exists := claims["user_id"]
 			if exists {
@@ -101,12 +112,67 @@ func resolveRequestUser(c *gin.Context, jwtSecret string, sessionVerifier *bette
 	return "", "", tokenErr, hasToken, false
 }
 
+const patPrefix = "cnp_"
+
+// resolvePersonalAccessToken authenticates a `cnp_` bearer token against the
+// user_tokens table (sha256 hash match, not revoked, not expired). On success
+// it stamps last_used_at, records the token scope on the context, and
+// returns the owner's id and email.
+func resolvePersonalAccessToken(c *gin.Context, token string) (string, string, bool) {
+	dbValue, exists := c.Get("db")
+	if !exists {
+		return "", "", false
+	}
+	db, ok := dbValue.(*database.DB)
+	if !ok || db == nil || db.DB == nil {
+		return "", "", false
+	}
+
+	sum := sha256.Sum256([]byte(token))
+	queries := sqlcdb.New(db.DB)
+	row, err := queries.GetUserTokenByHash(c.Request.Context(), hex.EncodeToString(sum[:]))
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", "", false
+	}
+
+	var email string
+	if err := db.QueryRowContext(c.Request.Context(),
+		`SELECT email FROM users WHERE id = $1`, row.UserID).Scan(&email); err != nil {
+		return "", "", false
+	}
+
+	_ = queries.TouchUserToken(c.Request.Context(), row.ID)
+	c.Set("pat_scope", row.Scope)
+	return row.UserID.String(), email, true
+}
+
+// patScopeAllows reports whether a PAT-authenticated request may proceed.
+// read scope permits only safe methods; write and admin are unrestricted at
+// this layer (admin routes still require the admin scope AND a platform
+// admin account — enforced via is_admin in setAuthenticatedContext).
+func patScopeAllows(c *gin.Context) bool {
+	if c.GetString("pat_scope") != "read" {
+		return true
+	}
+	switch c.Request.Method {
+	case http.MethodGet, http.MethodHead, http.MethodOptions:
+		return true
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
 // setAuthenticatedContext stores the resolved identity plus the admin flag on
 // the gin context so handlers and RequireAdmin can rely on it.
 func setAuthenticatedContext(c *gin.Context, userID, email string) {
 	c.Set("user_id", userID)
 	c.Set("email", email)
-	c.Set("is_admin", loadIsAdmin(c, userID))
+	isAdmin := loadIsAdmin(c, userID)
+	// A PAT can never outrank its scope: non-admin scopes cap the token at
+	// non-admin even when the owning user is a platform admin.
+	if scope := c.GetString("pat_scope"); scope != "" && scope != "admin" {
+		isAdmin = false
+	}
+	c.Set("is_admin", isAdmin)
 }
 
 func loadIsAdmin(c *gin.Context, userID string) bool {
@@ -133,6 +199,14 @@ func Auth(jwtSecret string) gin.HandlerFunc {
 		userID, email, tokenErr, hasToken, ok := resolveRequestUser(c, jwtSecret, sessionVerifier)
 		if ok {
 			setAuthenticatedContext(c, userID, email)
+			if !patScopeAllows(c) {
+				c.JSON(http.StatusForbidden, gin.H{
+					"error": "Token scope is read-only",
+					"code":  "SCOPE_INSUFFICIENT",
+				})
+				c.Abort()
+				return
+			}
 			c.Next()
 			return
 		}

app/backend/internal/middleware/middleware_test.go

@@ -131,6 +131,61 @@ func TestAuthStoresStringUserIDForValidClaims(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+func TestAuthRejectsPATWithoutDatabase(t *testing.T) {
+	gin.SetMode(gin.TestMode)
+	router := gin.New()
+	router.Use(Auth("secret"))
+	router.GET("/test", func(c *gin.Context) {
+		c.String(http.StatusOK, "ok")
+	})
+
+	// A cnp_-prefixed token takes the PAT path, not JWT parsing — without a
+	// db handle it must fail closed with 401.
+	req := httptest.NewRequest(http.MethodGet, "/test", nil)
+	req.Header.Set("Authorization", "Bearer cnp_"+strings.Repeat("ab", 24))
+	rec := httptest.NewRecorder()
+	router.ServeHTTP(rec, req)
+
+	if rec.Code != http.StatusUnauthorized {
+		t.Fatalf("expected status %d, got %d", http.StatusUnauthorized, rec.Code)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestPATScopeAllows(t *testing.T) {
+	gin.SetMode(gin.TestMode)
+
+	cases := []struct {
+		name   string
+		scope  string
+		method string
+		want   bool
+	}{
+		{"read allows GET", "read", http.MethodGet, true},
+		{"read allows HEAD", "read", http.MethodHead, true},
+		{"read allows OPTIONS", "read", http.MethodOptions, true},
+		{"read blocks POST", "read", http.MethodPost, false},
+		{"read blocks DELETE", "read", http.MethodDelete, false},
+		{"write allows POST", "write", http.MethodPost, true},
+		{"write allows DELETE", "write", http.MethodDelete, true},
+		{"admin allows PATCH", "admin", http.MethodPatch, true},
+		{"no scope (session/JWT) unrestricted", "", http.MethodPost, true},
+	}
+
+	for _, tc := range cases {
+		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			rec := httptest.NewRecorder()
+			c, _ := gin.CreateTestContext(rec)
+			c.Request = httptest.NewRequest(tc.method, "/x", nil)
+			if tc.scope != "" {
+				c.Set("pat_scope", tc.scope)
+			}
+			if got := patScopeAllows(c); got != tc.want {
+				t.Fatalf("patScopeAllows(scope=%q, method=%s) = %v, want %v", tc.scope, tc.method, got, tc.want)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
 func issueJWT(t *testing.T, secret string, claims jwt.MapClaims) string {
 	t.Helper()
 	token := jwt.NewWithClaims(jwt.SigningMethodHS256, claims)

app/backend/migrations_goose/20261008000000_user_tokens.sql

@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+-- +goose Up
+-- Personal access tokens for CLI/MCP/agent authentication.
+-- Only sha256 hashes are stored — raw tokens (cnp_…) are shown once at
+-- creation and never persisted. Scope gates what the token may do:
+-- read = GET/HEAD only, write = all non-admin routes, admin = everything
+-- (admin still requires the owning user to be a platform admin).
+CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS public.user_tokens (
+    id uuid DEFAULT gen_random_uuid() NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY,
+    user_id uuid NOT NULL REFERENCES public.users(id) ON DELETE CASCADE,
+    name character varying(255) NOT NULL,
+    key_prefix character varying(16) NOT NULL,
+    token_hash text NOT NULL UNIQUE,
+    scope character varying(20) NOT NULL DEFAULT 'write'
+        CHECK (scope IN ('read', 'write', 'admin')),
+    expires_at timestamp with time zone,
+    last_used_at timestamp with time zone,
+    revoked_at timestamp with time zone,
+    created_at timestamp with time zone DEFAULT now() NOT NULL
+);
+
+CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS idx_user_tokens_user_id ON public.user_tokens(user_id);
+CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS idx_user_tokens_token_hash ON public.user_tokens(token_hash);
+
+-- +goose Down
+DROP TABLE IF EXISTS public.user_tokens;

app/backend/sqlc/queries/user_tokens.sql

@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+-- name: CreateUserToken :one
+INSERT INTO user_tokens (user_id, name, key_prefix, token_hash, scope, expires_at)
+VALUES ($1, $2, $3, $4, $5, $6)
+RETURNING *;
+
+-- name: ListUserTokens :many
+SELECT * FROM user_tokens
+WHERE user_id = $1 AND revoked_at IS NULL
+ORDER BY created_at DESC;
+
+-- name: GetUserTokenByHash :one
+SELECT * FROM user_tokens
+WHERE token_hash = $1
+  AND revoked_at IS NULL
+  AND (expires_at IS NULL OR expires_at > NOW())
+LIMIT 1;
+
+-- name: TouchUserToken :exec
+UPDATE user_tokens SET last_used_at = NOW()
+WHERE id = $1 AND revoked_at IS NULL;
+
+-- name: RevokeUserToken :execrows
+UPDATE user_tokens SET revoked_at = NOW()
+WHERE id = $1 AND user_id = $2 AND revoked_at IS NULL;

app/backend/sqlc/schema.sql

@@ -204,3 +204,16 @@ CREATE TABLE notifications (
     read_at TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE,
     created_at TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE DEFAULT NOW()
 );
+
+CREATE TABLE user_tokens (
+    id UUID PRIMARY KEY DEFAULT gen_random_uuid(),
+    user_id UUID NOT NULL REFERENCES users(id) ON DELETE CASCADE,
+    name VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL,
+    key_prefix VARCHAR(16) NOT NULL,
+    token_hash TEXT NOT NULL UNIQUE,
+    scope VARCHAR(20) NOT NULL DEFAULT 'write',
+    expires_at TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE,
+    last_used_at TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE,
+    revoked_at TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE,
+    created_at TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE DEFAULT NOW()
+);

app/frontend/src/features/secondary/pages.tsx

@@ -17,6 +17,9 @@ import {
   createAgentToken,
   listAgentTokens,
   revokeAgentToken,
+  createUserToken,
+  listUserTokens,
+  revokeUserToken,
   listDatabases,
   databaseAction,
   updateDatabaseBackupSchedule,
@@ -46,6 +49,8 @@ import {
   updateVulnerability,
   getSecurityMetrics,
   type AgentAuthTokenCreated,
+  type UserTokenCreated,
+  type UserTokenScope,
   type CreateDatabaseInput,
   type DatabaseEntity,
   type FailoverPolicy,
@@ -1267,6 +1272,164 @@ function PlatformSettingsSection() {
   );
 }
 
+const PAT_EXPIRY_OPTIONS: { label: string; days: number }[] = [
+  { label: 'Never', days: 0 },
+  { label: '30 days', days: 30 },
+  { label: '90 days', days: 90 },
+  { label: '1 year', days: 365 },
+];
+
+function UserTokensSection({ isAdmin }: { isAdmin: boolean }) {
+  const queryClient = useQueryClient();
+  const tokensQuery = useQuery({
+    queryKey: ['user-tokens'],
+    queryFn: listUserTokens,
+  });
+  const [tokenName, setTokenName] = useState('');
+  const [tokenScope, setTokenScope] = useState<UserTokenScope>('write');
+  const [expiryDays, setExpiryDays] = useState(0);
+  const [issuedToken, setIssuedToken] = useState<UserTokenCreated | null>(null);
+
+  const createMutation = useMutation({
+    mutationFn: () =>
+      createUserToken({
+        name: tokenName.trim(),
+        scope: tokenScope,
+        expiresInDays: expiryDays,
+      }),
+    onSuccess: (data) => {
+      setIssuedToken(data);
+      setTokenName('');
+      queryClient.invalidateQueries({ queryKey: ['user-tokens'] });
+    },
+  });
+  const revokeMutation = useMutation({
+    mutationFn: (id: string) => revokeUserToken(id),
+    onSuccess: () => queryClient.invalidateQueries({ queryKey: ['user-tokens'] }),
+  });
+
+  const tokens = tokensQuery.data ?? [];
+  const scopeOptions: { value: UserTokenScope; label: string }[] = isAdmin
+    ? [
+        { value: 'read', label: 'Read - GET requests only' },
+        { value: 'write', label: 'Write - read and manage resources' },
+        { value: 'admin', label: 'Admin - everything, incl. platform settings' },
+      ]
+    : [
+        { value: 'read', label: 'Read - GET requests only' },
+        { value: 'write', label: 'Write - read and manage resources' },
+      ];
+
+  return (
+    <section className="panel p-6">
+      <div className="flex items-center gap-3 mb-4">
+        <div className="w-10 h-10 rounded-[var(--radius-md)] bg-[var(--accent-primary-soft)] flex items-center justify-center">
+          <Key size={18} className="text-[var(--accent-primary)]" />
+        </div>
+        <div>
+          <h2 className="text-lg font-semibold text-[var(--text-primary)]">Personal Access Tokens</h2>
+          <p className="text-xs text-[var(--text-tertiary)]">Authenticate the CLI, MCP server, and scripts - same rights as you, bounded by scope</p>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+
+      <div className="space-y-3">
+        <div className="flex flex-wrap gap-2">
+          <input
+            value={tokenName}
+            onChange={(e) => setTokenName(e.target.value)}
+            placeholder="Token name (e.g. laptop cli)"
+            className="h-9 flex-1 min-w-[180px] rounded-[var(--radius-md)] border border-[var(--border-subtle)] bg-[var(--surface-muted)] px-3 text-sm text-[var(--text-primary)] placeholder:text-[var(--text-muted)] focus:border-[var(--accent-primary)] transition-all"
+          />
+          <select
+            value={tokenScope}
+            onChange={(e) => setTokenScope(e.target.value as UserTokenScope)}
+            className="h-9 rounded-[var(--radius-md)] border border-[var(--border-subtle)] bg-[var(--surface-muted)] px-3 text-sm text-[var(--text-primary)] focus:border-[var(--accent-primary)] transition-all"
+          >
+            {scopeOptions.map((option) => (
+              <option key={option.value} value={option.value}>{option.label}</option>
+            ))}
+          </select>
+          <select
+            value={expiryDays}
+            onChange={(e) => setExpiryDays(Number(e.target.value))}
+            className="h-9 rounded-[var(--radius-md)] border border-[var(--border-subtle)] bg-[var(--surface-muted)] px-3 text-sm text-[var(--text-primary)] focus:border-[var(--accent-primary)] transition-all"
+          >
+            {PAT_EXPIRY_OPTIONS.map((option) => (
+              <option key={option.days} value={option.days}>{option.label}</option>
+            ))}
+          </select>
+          <button
+            onClick={() => createMutation.mutate()}
+            disabled={createMutation.isPending || !tokenName.trim()}
+            className="h-9 px-4 rounded-[var(--radius-md)] text-sm font-medium text-[var(--accent-on)] disabled:opacity-50 disabled:cursor-not-allowed transition-all"
+            style={{ background: 'var(--accent-primary)' }}
+          >
+            {createMutation.isPending ? 'Creating…' : 'Create token'}
+          </button>
+        </div>
+
+        {issuedToken ? (
+          <div className="rounded-[var(--radius-md)] border border-[var(--success)]/30 bg-[var(--success-soft)] p-3">
+            <div className="flex items-center justify-between gap-2">
+              <span className="mono text-xs text-[var(--text-primary)] break-all">{issuedToken.token}</span>
+              <button
+                onClick={() => void navigator.clipboard.writeText(issuedToken.token ?? '')}
+                className="flex items-center gap-1 text-xs text-[var(--accent-primary)] hover:underline shrink-0"
+              >
+                <Copy size={11} />
+                Copy
+              </button>
+            </div>
+            <p className="mt-1 text-xs text-[var(--text-tertiary)]">
+              Shown once - store it now. Use with <span className="mono">containr auth login --token</span> or as a Bearer token.
+            </p>
+          </div>
+        ) : null}
+        {createMutation.isError ? (
+          <p className="text-xs text-[var(--error)]">
+            {createMutation.error instanceof Error ? createMutation.error.message : 'Failed to create token'}
+          </p>
+        ) : null}
+
+        {tokensQuery.isLoading ? (
+          <div className="py-4 text-center">
+            <Loader2 size={16} className="animate-spin mx-auto text-[var(--text-tertiary)]" />
+          </div>
+        ) : tokens.length === 0 ? (
+          <p className="text-xs text-[var(--text-tertiary)]">No tokens yet. Create one to connect the CLI or an agent.</p>
+        ) : (
+          <div className="space-y-1.5 border-t border-[var(--border-subtle)] pt-3">
+            {tokens.map((token) => (
+              <div key={token.id} className="flex items-center justify-between gap-2 text-xs">
+                <div className="min-w-0">
+                  <span className="text-[var(--text-primary)]">{token.name}</span>
+                  <span className="ml-2 mono text-[var(--text-muted)]">{token.key_prefix}…</span>
+                  <span className="ml-2 rounded px-1.5 py-0.5 bg-[var(--surface-muted)] text-[var(--text-secondary)]">{token.scope}</span>
+                  <span className="ml-2 text-[var(--text-muted)]">
+                    {token.last_used_at ? `used ${formatRelative(token.last_used_at)}` : 'unused'}
+                    {token.expires_at ? ` · expires ${formatRelative(token.expires_at)}` : ''}
+                  </span>
+                </div>
+                <button
+                  onClick={() => {
+                    if (window.confirm(`Revoke token "${token.name}"? Clients using it lose access immediately.`)) {
+                      revokeMutation.mutate(token.id ?? '');
+                    }
+                  }}
+                  disabled={revokeMutation.isPending}
+                  className="text-[var(--error)] hover:underline disabled:opacity-50 shrink-0"
+                >
+                  Revoke
+                </button>
+              </div>
+            ))}
+          </div>
+        )}
+      </div>
+    </section>
+  );
+}
+
 export function SettingsPage() {
   const navigate = useNavigate();
   const queryClient = useQueryClient();
@@ -1438,6 +1601,9 @@ export function SettingsPage() {
             )}
           </section>
 
+          {/* Personal Access Tokens */}
+          <UserTokensSection isAdmin={profileQuery.data?.isAdmin ?? false} />
+
           {/* Platform Settings - owner only */}
           {profileQuery.data?.isAdmin ? <PlatformSettingsSection /> : null}
 

app/frontend/src/generated/api-types.ts

@@ -231,6 +231,153 @@ export interface paths {
         patch?: never;
         trace?: never;
     };
+    "/user/tokens": {
+        parameters: {
+            query?: never;
+            header?: never;
+            path?: never;
+            cookie?: never;
+        };
+        /**
+         * List personal access tokens
+         * @description Returns the caller's non-revoked personal access token metadata. Token values and hashes are never returned.
+         */
+        get: {
+            parameters: {
+                query?: never;
+                header?: never;
+                path?: never;
+                cookie?: never;
+            };
+            requestBody?: never;
+            responses: {
+                /** @description Token list */
+                200: {
+                    headers: {
+                        [name: string]: unknown;
+                    };
+                    content: {
+                        "application/json": {
+                            tokens?: components["schemas"]["UserToken"][];
+                        };
+                    };
+                };
+                /** @description Unauthorized */
+                401: {
+                    headers: {
+                        [name: string]: unknown;
+                    };
+                    content: {
+                        "application/json": components["schemas"]["Error"];
+                    };
+                };
+            };
+        };
+        put?: never;
+        /**
+         * Create personal access token
+         * @description Issues a `cnp_` bearer token for CLI/MCP/agent authentication. The raw token is returned exactly once and never stored — only its SHA-256 hash persists. Admin-scope tokens require a platform admin account.
+         */
+        post: {
+            parameters: {
+                query?: never;
+                header?: never;
+                path?: never;
+                cookie?: never;
+            };
+            requestBody: {
+                content: {
+                    "application/json": components["schemas"]["CreateUserTokenRequest"];
+                };
+            };
+            responses: {
+                /** @description Token created; raw value returned once */
+                201: {
+                    headers: {
+                        [name: string]: unknown;
+                    };
+                    content: {
+                        "application/json": components["schemas"]["UserTokenCreated"];
+                    };
+                };
+                /** @description Invalid input */
+                400: {
+                    headers: {
+                        [name: string]: unknown;
+                    };
+                    content: {
+                        "application/json": components["schemas"]["Error"];
+                    };
+                };
+                /** @description Admin scope requires platform admin */
+                403: {
+                    headers: {
+                        [name: string]: unknown;
+                    };
+                    content: {
+                        "application/json": components["schemas"]["Error"];
+                    };
+                };
+            };
+        };
+        delete?: never;
+        options?: never;
+        head?: never;
+        patch?: never;
+        trace?: never;
+    };
+    "/user/tokens/{id}": {
+        parameters: {
+            query?: never;
+            header?: never;
+            path?: never;
+            cookie?: never;
+        };
+        get?: never;
+        put?: never;
+        post?: never;
+        /**
+         * Revoke personal access token
+         * @description Marks one of the caller's tokens as revoked. Clients presenting it are rejected from then on.
+         */
+        delete: {
+            parameters: {
+                query?: never;
+                header?: never;
+                path: {
+                    id: string;
+                };
+                cookie?: never;
+            };
+            requestBody?: never;
+            responses: {
+                /** @description Token revoked */
+                200: {
+                    headers: {
+                        [name: string]: unknown;
+                    };
+                    content: {
+                        "application/json": {
+                            message?: string;
+                        };
+                    };
+                };
+                /** @description Token not found */
+                404: {
+                    headers: {
+                        [name: string]: unknown;
+                    };
+                    content: {
+                        "application/json": components["schemas"]["Error"];
+                    };
+                };
+            };
+        };
+        options?: never;
+        head?: never;
+        patch?: never;
+        trace?: never;
+    };
     "/projects": {
         parameters: {
             query?: never;
@@ -8476,6 +8623,37 @@ export interface components {
             /** @description Human-readable label for the token (e.g. node name) */
             label?: string;
         };
+        UserToken: {
+            /** Format: uuid */
+            id: string;
+            name: string;
+            /** @description First 12 chars of the token, for identification in lists */
+            key_prefix: string;
+            /** @enum {string} */
+            scope: "read" | "write" | "admin";
+            /** Format: date-time */
+            expires_at?: string;
+            /** Format: date-time */
+            last_used_at?: string;
+            /** Format: date-time */
+            created_at: string;
+        };
+        UserTokenCreated: components["schemas"]["UserToken"] & {
+            /** @description Raw cnp_ token value, returned exactly once at creation */
+            token: string;
+        };
+        CreateUserTokenRequest: {
+            /** @description Human-readable label (e.g. "laptop cli", "ci deploy") */
+            name: string;
+            /**
+             * @description read = GET/HEAD only; write = all non-admin routes; admin = everything (requires admin account)
+             * @default write
+             * @enum {string}
+             */
+            scope: "read" | "write" | "admin";
+            /** @description 0 or omitted = never expires */
+            expires_in_days?: number;
+        };
         AgentCapabilities: {
             container_runtimes?: string[];
             supported_architectures?: string[];

app/frontend/src/generated/docs-snapshot.ts

@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ export const bundledDocs: BundledDoc[] = [
     "path": "guides/OPERATIONS.md",
     "section": "guides",
     "title": "Operations",
-    "markdown": "# Operations\n\nDay-2 features for running services: scheduled jobs, ad-hoc exec, managed\ndatabases, preview environments, security scans, and high availability.\n\n## Cron jobs\n\nService detail → **Cron**. Standard 5-field cron expressions (`robfig/cron`\nsyntax), per-job timezone, enable/disable, manual trigger, and execution\nhistory with captured stdout/stderr.\n\n- The scheduler ticks every minute and runs due jobs via `docker exec`\n  (`sh -c <command>`) inside the service's container.\n- Executions are retained per-job (`retention` count) and visible in the UI.\n- Requires a running container — a stopped service's due job records a\n  failure, it does not queue.\n\n```\nGET/POST /api/v1/cron-jobs            PUT/DELETE /api/v1/cron-jobs/:id\nPOST     /api/v1/cron-jobs/:id/trigger\nGET      /api/v1/cron-jobs/:id/executions\n```\n\n## Exec console\n\nService detail → **Console**. One-off `sh -c` commands against the running\ncontainer: 30s ceiling, 64KB output cap, exit code + captured output shown\nper run. Debugging aid — not an interactive shell.\n\n```\nPOST /api/v1/services/:id/exec  {command}\n```\n\n## Managed databases\n\n**/databases** page — provision PostgreSQL/Redis/MySQL/MariaDB/MongoDB/\nClickHouse/Dragonfly as managed containers on the `containr` network.\n\n- Start/stop/restart actions; connection URL with copy.\n- **Backups**: manual snapshot now, or set a cron expression\n  (`backup_schedule`) — due backups run inside the same scheduler tick as\n  cron jobs. Archives live in the `containr-db-backups` volume and are\n  downloadable (`GET /databases/:id/backups/:bid/download`) and restorable.\n- **Bind to service**: injects `connection_url` into a service's variables\n  as a secret (`DATABASE_URL` by default). Redeploy the service afterward —\n  variables are read at deploy time.\n\n## Preview environments\n\nService detail → **Previews**. Create a preview per branch/PR with a TTL,\npromote it to production, or delete it.\n\nCurrent limitation: previews are bookkeeping records — they do not build,\ndeploy, or route a real container. The generated `*.preview.containr.local`\nURL is a placeholder. Real preview runtime is tracked on the roadmap.\n\n## Security scans\n\n**/security** page — pick a project, run a scan (dependency / configuration\n/ comprehensive, optionally scoped to one service).\n\nThe scanner is heuristic config analysis, not Trivy/Grype: it flags\nunpinned image tags, `http://` source/public URLs, `npm install` without\n`npm ci`, `pip install` without hashes, `curl|sh` build steps, missing\nhealth checks, and similar smells. Findings get severity badges and can be\nresolved or ignored; the page also shows a security score, open/resolved\ncounts, scan history, and compliance status.\n\n```\nPOST /api/v1/security/scans     {project_id, service_id?, scan_type}\nGET  /api/v1/projects/:id/vulnerabilities\nPUT  /api/v1/vulnerabilities/:id          {status: open|resolved|ignored}\nGET  /api/v1/projects/:id/security/metrics\nGET  /api/v1/projects/:id/security/history\n```\n\n## High availability\n\n**/ha** page — manager enable/disable, node/health-check/alert status\ncards, manual failover (with confirmation), per-service failover policies\n(project → service picker, strategy, min healthy nodes, max failures),\nactive alerts with resolve, and health check results.\n\nHA state is in-memory like autoscaling — policies and alerts reset on\nbackend restart.\n\n## Node agents\n\n**/usage** page → *Connect node*: issue a per-node token (`cagt_…`, shown\nonce), copy the prefilled install command, revoke tokens when done. Agents\nregister over `POST /api/agents/register` and heartbeat via\n`POST /api/agents/heartbeat`.\n"
+    "markdown": "# Operations\n\nDay-2 features for running services: scheduled jobs, ad-hoc exec, managed\ndatabases, preview environments, security scans, and high availability.\n\n## Cron jobs\n\nService detail → **Cron**. Standard 5-field cron expressions (`robfig/cron`\nsyntax), per-job timezone, enable/disable, manual trigger, and execution\nhistory with captured stdout/stderr.\n\n- The scheduler ticks every minute and runs due jobs via `docker exec`\n  (`sh -c <command>`) inside the service's container.\n- Executions are retained per-job (`retention` count) and visible in the UI.\n- Requires a running container — a stopped service's due job records a\n  failure, it does not queue.\n\n```\nGET/POST /api/v1/cron-jobs            PUT/DELETE /api/v1/cron-jobs/:id\nPOST     /api/v1/cron-jobs/:id/trigger\nGET      /api/v1/cron-jobs/:id/executions\n```\n\n## Exec console\n\nService detail → **Console**. One-off `sh -c` commands against the running\ncontainer: 30s ceiling, 64KB output cap, exit code + captured output shown\nper run. Debugging aid — not an interactive shell.\n\n```\nPOST /api/v1/services/:id/exec  {command}\n```\n\n## Managed databases\n\n**/databases** page — provision PostgreSQL/Redis/MySQL/MariaDB/MongoDB/\nClickHouse/Dragonfly as managed containers on the `containr` network.\n\n- Start/stop/restart actions; connection URL with copy.\n- **Backups**: manual snapshot now, or set a cron expression\n  (`backup_schedule`) — due backups run inside the same scheduler tick as\n  cron jobs. Archives live in the `containr-db-backups` volume and are\n  downloadable (`GET /databases/:id/backups/:bid/download`) and restorable.\n- **Bind to service**: injects `connection_url` into a service's variables\n  as a secret (`DATABASE_URL` by default). Redeploy the service afterward —\n  variables are read at deploy time.\n\n## Preview environments\n\nService detail → **Previews**. Create a preview per branch/PR with a TTL,\npromote it to production, or delete it.\n\nCurrent limitation: previews are bookkeeping records — they do not build,\ndeploy, or route a real container. The generated `*.preview.containr.local`\nURL is a placeholder. Real preview runtime is tracked on the roadmap.\n\n## Security scans\n\n**/security** page — pick a project, run a scan (dependency / configuration\n/ comprehensive, optionally scoped to one service).\n\nThe scanner is heuristic config analysis, not Trivy/Grype: it flags\nunpinned image tags, `http://` source/public URLs, `npm install` without\n`npm ci`, `pip install` without hashes, `curl|sh` build steps, missing\nhealth checks, and similar smells. Findings get severity badges and can be\nresolved or ignored; the page also shows a security score, open/resolved\ncounts, scan history, and compliance status.\n\n```\nPOST /api/v1/security/scans     {project_id, service_id?, scan_type}\nGET  /api/v1/projects/:id/vulnerabilities\nPUT  /api/v1/vulnerabilities/:id          {status: open|resolved|ignored}\nGET  /api/v1/projects/:id/security/metrics\nGET  /api/v1/projects/:id/security/history\n```\n\n## High availability\n\n**/ha** page — manager enable/disable, node/health-check/alert status\ncards, manual failover (with confirmation), per-service failover policies\n(project → service picker, strategy, min healthy nodes, max failures),\nactive alerts with resolve, and health check results.\n\nHA state is in-memory like autoscaling — policies and alerts reset on\nbackend restart.\n\n## Node agents\n\n**/usage** page → *Connect node*: issue a per-node token (`cagt_…`, shown\nonce), copy the prefilled install command, revoke tokens when done. Agents\nregister over `POST /api/agents/register` and heartbeat via\n`POST /api/agents/heartbeat`.\n\n## Personal access tokens\n\n**Settings → Personal Access Tokens**: issue `cnp_…` bearer tokens for the\nCLI, MCP server, and scripts — the same privileges as your account, bounded\nby scope. The raw token is shown once at creation; only its SHA-256 hash is\nstored.\n\nScopes:\n\n- `read` — `GET`/`HEAD`/`OPTIONS` only; mutations return `403 SCOPE_INSUFFICIENT`.\n- `write` — everything except admin routes.\n- `admin` — full access; requires a platform admin account, and the token is\n  still capped at the owner's privileges.\n\nA token can never outrank its owner: non-admin scopes report\n`is_admin = false` even on admin accounts.\n\n```\nGET    /api/v1/user/tokens            list (metadata only, never hashes)\nPOST   /api/v1/user/tokens            {name, scope?, expires_in_days?} → raw token once\nDELETE /api/v1/user/tokens/:id        revoke (owner-scoped)\n```\n\nUse as `Authorization: Bearer cnp_…`, or `containr auth login cnp_…`.\nRevocation takes effect on the next request; `last_used_at` updates on each\nauthenticated call.\n"
   },
   {
     "path": "guides/README_BACKEND.md",

app/frontend/src/lib/api-client.ts

@@ -993,6 +993,34 @@ export async function revokeAgentToken(id: string): Promise<void> {
   await requestJson(`/agent-tokens/${id}`, { method: 'DELETE' });
 }
 
+export type UserToken = components['schemas']['UserToken'];
+export type UserTokenCreated = components['schemas']['UserTokenCreated'];
+export type UserTokenScope = 'read' | 'write' | 'admin';
+
+export async function createUserToken(input: {
+  name: string;
+  scope?: UserTokenScope;
+  expiresInDays?: number;
+}): Promise<UserTokenCreated> {
+  return requestJson<UserTokenCreated>(`/user/tokens`, {
+    method: 'POST',
+    body: JSON.stringify({
+      name: input.name,
+      scope: input.scope ?? 'write',
+      expires_in_days: input.expiresInDays ?? 0,
+    }),
+  });
+}
+
+export async function listUserTokens(): Promise<UserToken[]> {
+  const payload = await requestJson<{ tokens?: UserToken[] }>(`/user/tokens`);
+  return payload.tokens ?? [];
+}
+
+export async function revokeUserToken(id: string): Promise<void> {
+  await requestJson(`/user/tokens/${id}`, { method: 'DELETE' });
+}
+
 export async function createProject(input: CreateProjectInput): Promise<ProjectEntity> {
   const payload = await requestJson<RawProject | { project?: RawProject }>(`/projects`, {
     method: 'POST',

docs/api/openapi.yaml

@@ -152,6 +152,97 @@ paths:
               schema:
                 $ref: '#/components/schemas/Error'
 
+  /user/tokens:
+    get:
+      tags:
+        - User
+      summary: List personal access tokens
+      description: Returns the caller's non-revoked personal access token metadata. Token values and hashes are never returned.
+      security:
+        - bearerAuth: []
+      responses:
+        '200':
+          description: Token list
+          content:
+            application/json:
+              schema:
+                type: object
+                properties:
+                  tokens:
+                    type: array
+                    items:
+                      $ref: '#/components/schemas/UserToken'
+        '401':
+          description: Unauthorized
+          content:
+            application/json:
+              schema:
+                $ref: '#/components/schemas/Error'
+    post:
+      tags:
+        - User
+      summary: Create personal access token
+      description: Issues a `cnp_` bearer token for CLI/MCP/agent authentication. The raw token is returned exactly once and never stored — only its SHA-256 hash persists. Admin-scope tokens require a platform admin account.
+      security:
+        - bearerAuth: []
+      requestBody:
+        required: true
+        content:
+          application/json:
+            schema:
+              $ref: '#/components/schemas/CreateUserTokenRequest'
+      responses:
+        '201':
+          description: Token created; raw value returned once
+          content:
+            application/json:
+              schema:
+                $ref: '#/components/schemas/UserTokenCreated'
+        '400':
+          description: Invalid input
+          content:
+            application/json:
+              schema:
+                $ref: '#/components/schemas/Error'
+        '403':
+          description: Admin scope requires platform admin
+          content:
+            application/json:
+              schema:
+                $ref: '#/components/schemas/Error'
+
+  /user/tokens/{id}:
+    delete:
+      tags:
+        - User
+      summary: Revoke personal access token
+      description: Marks one of the caller's tokens as revoked. Clients presenting it are rejected from then on.
+      security:
+        - bearerAuth: []
+      parameters:
+        - name: id
+          in: path
+          required: true
+          schema:
+            type: string
+            format: uuid
+      responses:
+        '200':
+          description: Token revoked
+          content:
+            application/json:
+              schema:
+                type: object
+                properties:
+                  message:
+                    type: string
+        '404':
+          description: Token not found
+          content:
+            application/json:
+              schema:
+                $ref: '#/components/schemas/Error'
+
   # Projects
   /projects:
     get:
@@ -6395,6 +6486,66 @@ components:
           type: string
           description: Human-readable label for the token (e.g. node name)
 
+    UserToken:
+      type: object
+      properties:
+        id:
+          type: string
+          format: uuid
+        name:
+          type: string
+        key_prefix:
+          type: string
+          description: First 12 chars of the token, for identification in lists
+        scope:
+          type: string
+          enum: [read, write, admin]
+        expires_at:
+          type: string
+          format: date-time
+        last_used_at:
+          type: string
+          format: date-time
+        created_at:
+          type: string
+          format: date-time
+      required:
+        - id
+        - name
+        - key_prefix
+        - scope
+        - created_at
+
+    UserTokenCreated:
+      allOf:
+        - $ref: '#/components/schemas/UserToken'
+        - type: object
+          properties:
+            token:
+              type: string
+              description: Raw cnp_ token value, returned exactly once at creation
+          required:
+            - token
+
+    CreateUserTokenRequest:
+      type: object
+      properties:
+        name:
+          type: string
+          description: Human-readable label (e.g. "laptop cli", "ci deploy")
+        scope:
+          type: string
+          enum: [read, write, admin]
+          default: write
+          description: read = GET/HEAD only; write = all non-admin routes; admin = everything (requires admin account)
+        expires_in_days:
+          type: integer
+          minimum: 0
+          maximum: 3650
+          description: 0 or omitted = never expires
+      required:
+        - name
+
     AgentCapabilities:
       type: object
       properties:

docs/guides/OPERATIONS.md

@@ -90,3 +90,30 @@ backend restart.
 once), copy the prefilled install command, revoke tokens when done. Agents
 register over `POST /api/agents/register` and heartbeat via
 `POST /api/agents/heartbeat`.
+
+## Personal access tokens
+
+**Settings → Personal Access Tokens**: issue `cnp_…` bearer tokens for the
+CLI, MCP server, and scripts — the same privileges as your account, bounded
+by scope. The raw token is shown once at creation; only its SHA-256 hash is
+stored.
+
+Scopes:
+
+- `read` — `GET`/`HEAD`/`OPTIONS` only; mutations return `403 SCOPE_INSUFFICIENT`.
+- `write` — everything except admin routes.
+- `admin` — full access; requires a platform admin account, and the token is
+  still capped at the owner's privileges.
+
+A token can never outrank its owner: non-admin scopes report
+`is_admin = false` even on admin accounts.
+
+```
+GET    /api/v1/user/tokens            list (metadata only, never hashes)
+POST   /api/v1/user/tokens            {name, scope?, expires_in_days?} → raw token once
+DELETE /api/v1/user/tokens/:id        revoke (owner-scoped)
+```
+
+Use as `Authorization: Bearer cnp_…`, or `containr auth login cnp_…`.
+Revocation takes effect on the next request; `last_used_at` updates on each
+authenticated call.